We encourage you to join in these discussions as well by leaving your thoughts in the comments section of each article. He saw clearly the significance of the rise of an autocratic Macedonia and its implications for traditional Athenian and Greek political freedom. Best Known For: English philosopher John Locke's works lie at . Demosthenes was a philosopher and spokesman in ancient Greece. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor Emeritus of the History of Philosophy, Keele University. These claims were to be central to his mature philosophy, both with regard to political theory and epistemology. The Two Treatise is the most important political work of John Locke, which has notably influenced political thought since its publication. The book also explains how to educate the mind using three distinct methods: the development of a healthy body; the formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic curriculum. It's far more likely Peter is holding food in panel 1 and has dropped it on the ground for the squirrel to eat in panel 2108.162.250.212 05:02, 17 December 2014 (UTC), https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=635:_Locke_and_Demosthenes&oldid=282660. The Second Treatise has a number of themes which include the nature of government, conquest and slavery, property and right of revolution. How did John Locke influence the Enlightenment? Therefore they must know about the mind game. Of these probably the two most important were, first, his commitment to a law of nature, a natural moral law that underpins the rightness or wrongness of all human conduct, and, second, his subscription to the empiricist principle that all knowledge, including moral knowledge, is derived from experience and therefore not innate. He hugely effected subsequent western thought and his influence remains even three centuries after his death. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We rely on Ads to run our website. He basically makes it clear that she can have some influence on helping Ender even as Graff manipulates her letter for his own use. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Valentine enjoys having power but does not thirst after it the same way that Peter does. Some Thoughts Concerning Education remained the most important philosophical work on education in England for over a century. Apart from epistemology and political philosophy, Locke also made significant contributions to the fields of theology, religious tolerance and educational theory. This chapter deals with the relationships between the siblings. data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAw5JREFUeF7t181pWwEUhNFnF+MK1IjXrsJtWVu7HbsNa6VAICGb/EwYPCCOtrrci8774KG76 . Addressing Aeschines directly, he says, Your policies supported our enemy, mine, our countrys. His scathing epithets picture Aeschines as a contemptible turncoat, a hireling of Philip. His famous speech in 354 On the Navy Boards was addressed to the threat from the East. It does not store any personal data. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In 4th-century democratic Athens every citizen who wished to prosecute a lawsuit or to defend himself against accusation had to do the speaking himself. The Essay is regarded as one of the greatest books in philosophy and it has had a huge impact on intellectual development, especially in Europe and America. Demosthenes speech On the Crown, the defense of his career delivered in 330, has been termed the greatest speech of the greatest orator in the world. In the century following his death, the scholars at the Library of Alexandria carefully edited the manuscripts of his famous speeches. Finally, Philip and the Athenians agreed in April 346 to the Peace of Philocrates; Demosthenes, partly to gain time to prepare for the long struggle he saw ahead, agreed to the peace and went as one of the ambassadors to negotiate the treaty with Philip. During their conversation, Peter is shown feeding a squirrel. John Lockes philosophy inspired and reflected Enlightenment values in its recognition of the rights and equality of individuals, its criticism of arbitrary authority (e.g., the divine right of kings), its advocacy of religious toleration, and its general empirical and scientific temperament. He also studied legal rhetoric. His former friend Demades then persuaded the Athenians to sentence Demosthenes to death. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. At Oxford Locke made contact with some advocates of the new science, including Bishop John Wilkins, the astronomer and architect Christopher Wren, the physicians Thomas Willis and Richard Lower, the physicist Robert Hooke, and, most important of all, the eminent natural philosopher and theologian Robert Boyle. Locke had three main philosophies, religious tolerance, all men are born a blank slate, and that the divine right to rule is incorrect. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". network and Imbu points out that the mind game program can take information from anywhere. John Locke, (born August 29, 1632, Wrington, Somerset, Englanddied October 28, 1704, High Laver, Essex), English philosopher whose works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism. Following his long service to the state, which nonetheless ended in abandonment by the fickle Athenian citizenry, Demosthenes death can be viewed as a symbol of the decline of Athenian democracy. Regardless of who was in power, Congress and the president were going to take steps to address the overreaches of the Trump era with reforms Locke and Demosthenes. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. xkcd has referenced Ender's Game before this, specifically in 241: Battle Room, dealing with Ender's experience during his training, and 304: Nighttime Stories, dealing with the sequels to Ender's Game. Peters mention of Locke suggests the famous English Enlightenment thinker John Locke, while Valentines mention of Demosthenes suggests a link with the legendary opponent of Alexander the Great (see Background Info for more about these historical allusions). Demosthenes tightly reasoned oration helped persuade the Athenians to build up their naval strength quietly to show the Persians that, though Athens would not launch an attack, it was ready to fight. Graff wants to know why Ender's brothers picture was shown, and Imbu explains that the mind game is between the child and the computer. Over and over again he asks his audience what needed to be done in a crisis and who did it. The only question is whether or not Valentine can temper his actions. Unfortunately, because all of the surviving speeches are carefully edited texts, it cannot be established how often Demosthenes spoke extemporaneously. John Lockes most famous works are An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), in which he developed his theory of ideas and his account of the origins of human knowledge in experience, and Two Treatises of Government (first edition published in 1690 but substantially composed before 1683), in which he defended a theory of political authority based on natural individual rights and freedoms and the consent of the governed. Know more about the contributions of John Locke through his 10 major accomplishments. Demosthenes and his policies had received a massive vote of popular approval. The Macedonian army was well organized under a single brilliant commander who used cavalry in coordination with highly disciplined infantry, while the Greek alliance depended upon what was essentially a group of citizens militia. The onetime leader of the Athenians was now a refugee from his own people. We think that what we have here in this country is the way its always been Democracy, as we have practiced it, is fragile. I paired students up, so they'd talk about it, but it could be done individually. Another important allusion to historical events appears in the "Locke and Demosthenes" chapter. Valentine and Peter's actions demonstrate that on earth just as in space it will be the Wiggin children who hold the power. John Lockes political theory directly influenced the U.S. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. He pointed out that, while Athens would have no allies if it attacked first, every other Greek city-state would join Athens if the Persians were the first to attack. Perhaps this is what Graff wantedto show his hand, but in doing so to make Ender recognize the fact that he cannot avoid manipulation. Valentine knows that Peter can find peoples fears and manipulate them and that she can persuade people to do what she wants them to do, and realizes that there is much of Peter in herthey both manipulate in their own ways. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Editor of. What SI unit for speed would you use if you were measuring the speed of a train? Demosthenes was already 30 when, in 354, he made his first major speech before the Assembly. Anti-Russian sentiments are everywhere in Cards futuristic America, just as they were in the 80s. Two Treatises of Government is a work of political philosophy by John Locke which was published anonymously in 1689. His escape from prison made it impossible for him to return to Athens to raise money for the fine. Sometimes it can end up there. During the negotiations, Philip, recognizing Demosthenes eloquence as a threat to his plans, ignored him and addressed his fellow ambassador Aeschines instead. As he explains to her, he will gain power, one way or another. Also note that the note is addressed to "Peter" rather than "Locke"; Peter's attempt to remain anonymous has failed miserably. One is for Demosthenes, but the other is for FiveThirtyEight, a real political blog that was founded by Nate Silver in 2008, more than a year before this comic was released. For four years Locke remained under Busbys instruction and control (Busby was a strong disciplinarian who much favoured the birch). Much of what he advocated in the realm of politics was accepted in England after the Glorious Revolution of 168889 and in the United States after the countrys declaration of independence in 1776. In what many readers find the most implausible part of Cards novel, Peter and Valentine team up to control politics on Earth, using only their journalistic abilities. Although they have not yet started to exert real influence, it seems clear that Peter will get what he wants. Philip advanced into Chalcidice, threatening the city of Olynthus, which appealed to Athens. Continue to start your free trial. The title text uses Locke's full name, Peter Wiggin, and is formed as a short letter that informs him that he has become the president of the world, and that he should meet tomorrow 8:00 sharp at the United Nations (UN) headquarters. Dont have an account? He asks her what makes Ender different from Peter and also if Peter is really that bad a person. Somehow, the virtual reality game that Ender has been playing has accessed new images of Peterimages which couldnt have come from Battle School itself. Chapter 9: Locke and Demosthenes. John Locke (1632 1704) was an English philosopher whose works have had an enormous and profound influence on western philosophy. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Fostering civil discourse by writing our unfiltered thoughts on the state of politics and current events in America. Lockes father, a lawyer, served as a captain in the cavalry of the parliamentarians and saw some limited action. The other says Colonel Graff believes "nothing these children have done is out of their reach" because their abilities are almost identical to Ender 's. John Locke Achievements Living a life of a philosopher like John Locke during the early seventeenth century was a challenging one. Our goal is to perform our civic duty and inspire others to participate in civil discourse by writing our unfiltered thoughts on the state of politics and current events in America. Free trial is available to new customers only. Graff wants to know why Ender's brothers picture was shown, and Imbu explains that the mind game is between the child and the computer. But his rhetorical skill had been noticed. Instant downloads of all 1715 LitChart PDFs Although she is going along with him, her motivations are different. Kindly disable your Ad Blocker or consider subscribing to us by clicking here. This page was last edited on 26 May 2022, at 19:08. When a person works, that labour enters into the object. They choose pseudonyms to write under, as no one would take the words of children seriously, choosing Locke (Peter's pseudonym), and Demosthenes (Valentine's). The chapter then cuts back to the Battle School. His political thought was grounded in the notion of a social contract between citizens and in the importance of toleration, especially in matters of religion. This makes Graff feel slightly better, since he is doing the same thing. A string of victories emboldened Alexander to demand that Athens surrender Demosthenes and seven other orators who had opposed his father and himself; only a special embassy to Alexander succeeded in having that order rescinded. What contributions did John Locke make to epistemology? He is recognized as the founder of British empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism. The work explores the theory of ideas and contains Locke's argument that certain kinds of knowledgeknowledge of the existence of God, certain moral truths, and the laws of logic and mathematicsare not innate, or automatically imprinted on the human mind. May 2022, at 19:08 and control ( Busby was a philosopher and in... 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