Precise Timing and Synchronization requirements of 5G cell sites have made even small-time variations unacceptable. Wireless Engineer(LTE,5G) [spectracells.com]. In Part 2 of this series of 5G articles, 5GC Part 2 PDU Session and QoS, we talked about the PDU Session Establishment for a UE and we showed all the important Info Elements (IEs) with respect to the 3GPP's Procedures for the 5GS TS 23.502's UE-requested PDU Session Establishment for non-roaming and roaming with local . The number of OFDM symbols within a slot is 14. < Start Symbols for each subcarrier spacing and frequency >, NOTE : Case C definition has been changed a few times as 3GPP evolves, the current definition is based on 38.213 v17.2, NOTE : Lmax determines the bitlength of ssb bitmap, n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18. n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. The C++/CLI language proposes a construct similar to C#. k_ssb corresponds to the gap between Subcarrier 0 ofSS/PBCH block. . The number of OFDM symbols within a slot is 14. Download the VIAVI Timing and Sync Handbook for a deeper dive into this topic. You would see further details on how the slot length is derived in, : There are much more information you need to know about the numerology in addition to this table. Qt, a C++ framework, offers a macro providing foreach loops[11] using the STL iterator interface: Boost, a set of free peer-reviewed portable C++ libraries also provides foreach loops:[12]. TDD radio frames inherently require time and phase alignment between radio base stations, to prevent interferences and related loss of traffic. That is, there is a specific numerologies that are used only for a certain type of physical channels even though majority of the numerologies can be used any type of physical channels. This mean that [38.213 - 4.1 Cell Search] specifies SS/PBCH location in time domain as illustrated below. For The system doesn't waste the UL resources where PRACH occasion is possible, but not necessary due to lack of SSB beams, it just uses it for conventional PUSCH purpose. GSCN raster is exactly for SA scanning purposes. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on that table, without explicit configuration, the UE implies the following raster for PRACH resources: There are two interesting observation in our example case: To shore up the point lets consider another example, again, pretty much from the real commercial world. Just like LTE, a slot is always 14 symbols. The number of slots in a subframe depends on the numerology . However, it has several standard data structures that can be used as collections, and foreach can be made easily with a macro. // We use the (unique) key to access the (possibly nonunique) object. /* foreach macro viewing a string as a collection of char values */, for (ptrvar = strvar; (*ptrvar)!= '\0'; *ptrvar++), /* foreach macro viewing an array of int values as a collection of int values */, for (intpvar = intarr; intpvar < (intarr + (sizeof(intarr)/sizeof(intarr[0]))); ++intpvar), /* foreach macro viewing an array of given type as a collection of values of given type */, #define arraylen(arr) (sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0])), #define foreach(idxtype, idxpvar, col, colsiz) \, for (idxpvar = col; idxpvar < (col + colsiz); ++idxpvar), // (Railo only; not supported in ColdFusion), // equivalent to line above, only loop dummy explicitly named "i", // Any container class can be substituted, // Note the dynamic typing (we do not need to know the, // Type of object stored in 'a'. Those thing must be known to uE before even mip message 120Hz adaptive refresh rate. The UE may assume that the contents(value) of the resource elements denoted as 'Set to 0' in Table 7.4.3.1-1 are set to zero. // is repeated for i = 0, i = 1, , i = 9, i = 10. Refer to this Most use the simple word for, roughly as follows: Programming languages which support foreach loops include ABC, ActionScript, Ada, C++11, C#, ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML), Cobra, D, Daplex (query language), Delphi, ECMAScript, Erlang, Java (since 1.5), JavaScript, Lua, Objective-C (since 2.0), ParaSail, Perl, PHP, Prolog,[2] Python, R, REALbasic, Rebol,[3] Red,[4] Ruby, Scala, Smalltalk, Swift, Tcl, tcsh, Unix shells, Visual Basic .NET, and Windows PowerShell. Real-time applications like autonomous vehicles and the IoT are changing the equation for the timing and synchronization aspects in packet networks. W.r.t. Refer to, Theoretically we can think of almost infinite number of possible combinations of DL symbol, UL symbol, Flexible Symbol within a slot, but 3GPP allows only 61 predefined symbol combination within a slot as in following table. First Andrew really wonderful articles I just started learning by your articles and it's wonderful. Each frame is divided into 10 subframes , subframe duration is 1 ms. Each subframe is further divided into multiple OFDM symbols .number of OFDM. The reason is that, in ordinary cells, the SSB periodicity is likely to be 20 ms or less, but 5G NR allows for extra power savings in cells. It is the number of symbols within a slot. Your wonderful articles (questions related please) %PDF-1.2 % By default, the loop dummy is named it. Technically it can be done by using prach-ConfigurationIndex : 97 instead of prach-ConfigurationIndex : 158, for example. These include MIMO, eCIC, COMP, and location-based services. Not just determining when to upgrade the network to bring new services to market, but in the literal sense as well. Could u explain that? Physical resource blocks are defined in a bandwidth part and numbered from 0 to N_BWP,i^size (higher layer parameter). Yet the skipping of possible PRACH occasions is possible (and very common in practice) in the cases where the number of beams is fewer than the number of PRACH occasions within the assiciation period. The types NR numerology is summarized in 38.211 and I converted the table into illustration to give you intuitive understanding of these numerology. In LTE, the PSS is transmitted every 5ms, while the broadcast channel is transmitted every 10ms. This doesn't cause any ambiguity because both UE and gNB know exactly how to interpret this concept because they both know that there are 12 beams only and both know their exact indexes in ascending order. Short Interframe Space ( SIFS ), is the amount of time in microseconds required for a wireless interface to process a received frame and to respond with a response frame. SS/PBCH block consists of 240 contiguous subcarriers (20 RBs), The subcarriers are numbered in increasing order from 0 to 239 within the SS/PBCH block, 4 LSB bits of k_ssb value caninformed to UE via ssb-subcarrierOffset in MIB, The MSB bit is informed to UE via a bit within the PBCH Data (), NOTE : Actually understanding k_ssb and in the resource grid often get confusing and hard to visualize. In this example, every element of the structure my_list is printed: The local entity ic is an instance of the library class ITERATION_CURSOR. It is more common to use Table, which returns the result of each evaluation in a new list. The main purpose of these examples is o show the time domain location (transmission Further, most of the available wideband 5G spectrum is either in the C-Band or mmWave, which only supports TDD. For a half frame with SS/PBCH blocks, the number and first symbol indexes for candidate SS/PBCH blocks are determined according to the subcarrier spacing of SS/PBCH blocks as follows. This issue wasnt a significant concern in legacy networks, but as we transition to 5G it becomes a really big deal. The number of OFDM symbols within a slot is 14. Format Combination page). In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal. 5G NR includes millimetre-wave (mmWave) spectrum (>24GHz) for the first time, with the first release of 5G including frequencies from below 1GHz . In this configuration, a subframe has 8slots in it, it means a radio frame contains 80 slotsin it. But in NR, the symbols within Timing and synchronization areimportant and interrelatedrequirements forwireless networkperformance. Each frame is divided into two equally-sized half-frames of five subframes each with half-frame 0 consisting of subframes 0 - 4 and half-frame 1 consisting of subframes 5 - 9. 5G NR Frame Formattesting verifies conformance to the agreed-upon slot and frame formats. The shift to packet-based transport and time division duplex (TDD)technologiesalsorequiresprecisionand versatility from timing and synchronization test solutions. the first question, look up 5G NR GSCN (Global Synchronization Channel Number). In simple terms, 2.4GHz has a lower potential top speed but penetrates better, so it has a longer range than the higher frequency, 5GHz,. Thanks for the feedback Ryan. Following is the maximum number of RBs you can configure in RRC message and DCI. generate call flow diagrams from Wireshark output, Definition of the uplink and downlink physical channels, Scrambling, modulation, and up-conversion, Physical shared channel in uplink and downlink, Primary and secondary synchronization signals, Uplink transport channels and control information, Downlink transport channels and control information, UE procedure for reporting control information, UE procedure for receiving control information, Physical downlink shared channel related procedures, Physical uplink shared channel related procedure, Front loaded DMRS (demodulation reference signal). Interference can result even if they are synchronized in time, but their slot formats are not synchronized. For a mobile network operator, timing is everything. 1/144th of a second would mean there's a frame every 6.9ms. These innovations have also combined to drive timing and synchronization requirements for 5G to unprecedented levels. There has been long long discussions on frame structure both in academia and in 3GPP and now we have pretty clear agreements on what a NR (5G) radio frame would look like. , the number and first symbol indexes for candidate SS/PBCH blocks are determined according to the subcarrier spacing of SS/PBCH blocks as follows. Providers need different approaches depending on the topology and configuration of their networks. Its position is indicated by the half frame bit, which is part of the BCH content. The number of symbols per slot is 14 (in case of Normal CP), The number of symbols per slot is 12 (in case of Extended CP). The ParaSail parallel programming language supports several kinds of iterators, including a general "for each" iterator over a container: ParaSail also supports filters on iterators, and the ability to refer to both the key and the value of a map. 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