The direct contribution to prey capture represents a novel function . Washington, DC: United States Patent and Trademark Office. Br. Unfortunately, the product yield of this reaction has not been reported (Bumer et al., 2001). Med. Buetow, D.E. Nutr. Euglena gracilis biosynthesis pathways of -carotene (A), ascorbate (B), -tocopherol (C), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (D) (Shigeoka et al., 1992; Kim et al., 2004; Ishikawa et al., 2006; Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008; Lohr et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2012; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Kato et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017). Oral administration of Euglena gracilis Z and its carbohydrate storage substance provides survival protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Biophys. A typical specimen of Euglena gracilis (Fig. (2018). Cell Factories 12, 117. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.148080, Disch, A., Schwender, J., Mller, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K., and Rohmer, M. (1998). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.038, Grimm, P., Risse, J.M., Cholewa, D., Mller, J.M., Beshay, U., Friehs, K., et al. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 51, 483488. Fish Shellfish Immunol. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. (2018). Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta). Carbohydrate Polymers 200, 239247. Some species can form green or red "blooms" in ponds or lakes. History of Euglena First evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. For example, transformation of E. gracilis chloroplasts with the gene coding for a cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase has been achieved by biolistic bombardment (Doetsch et al., 2001; Ogawa et al., 2015). Microb. As yet, a maximum total lipid and WE titre of ~0.7 and 0.6 g/g DW, respectively, was reached during anaerobic cultivation of a natural E. gracilis isolate with the addition of an elongase inhibitor (Tucci et al., 2010). Univ. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12758, Sutivisedsak, N., Leathers, T.D., Bischoff, K.M., Nunnally, M.S., and Peterson, S.W. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.037, Chen, C.-Y., Zhao, X.-Q., Yen, H.-W., Ho, S.-H., Cheng, C.-L., Lee, D.-J., et al. doi: 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., Kang, J., and Zhang, D. (2017). doi: 10.3945/an.114.006254, Tucci, S., Vacula, R., Krajcovic, J., Proksch, P., and Martin, W. (2010). There are a few isolated reports on genetic manipulation of E. gracilis. In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon intake on the circadian clock. doi: 10.1021/bi034731y, Milani, A., Basirnejad, M., Shahbazi, S., and Bolhassani, A. Biofuels 7, 713721. Furthermore, there is a preference for the use of short- or medium-chain esters over long-chain esters in the industrial production of diesel and kerosene because shorter esters provide better cold flow properties and oxidative stability (Maurice et al., 2001). (1995). J. Appl. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811262, Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA shows 79%, 79%, 79% and 80% similarity to human, mouse, Danio rerio MMAAs and M. extorquens MeaB, respectively. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. Phycologia 50, 156169. Multi-stage Process for Production of Immune Modulator. Korn, E.D. Degradation of paramylon by Euglena gracilis. Food Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.008, Giese, E., Dekker, R., Barbosa, A., da Silva, M., and da Silva, R. (2011). Osaka Prefecture Ser. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. Catalytic cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production. Biomol. Rev. 333, 381388. (2001). Attempts to enhance E. gracilis biomass production under PT conditions, for example with the use of a photobioreactor, resulted in maximum titres similar to those of shake flask cultures, which are several times lower than those of some microalgal species grown under closed PT conditions (Table 1) (Richmond et al., 2003; Chae et al., 2006; Hasan et al., 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.12.002. doi: 10.1186/s12870-017-1066-7, Kato, S., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Asahina, M., Takahashi, S., and Shinomura, T. (2016). Gene knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi) has led to the identification of the role of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase in phototaxis and the finding that glucan synthase-like 2 is essential for paramylon synthesis (Ntefidou et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2017). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. Agricult. The overall titre can be increased to 86.5 mg/L culture by the fed-batch two-step (MT to PT) cultivation method discussed above (Takeyama et al., 1997). Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. J. (2014). We may be seeing more of Euglena Gracilis in the years to come. Braz. Moreover, E. gracilis WEs are more suited for catalytic cracking for the production of fuel as the reaction is faster with less formation of unwanted poorly combustible polyaromatic compounds (Shimada et al., 2018). Single cell protein production of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor. The mode of cultivation has a major impact on the total protein content of E. gracilis (Table 1), especially when comparing photoautotrophic (PT), heterotrophic (HT), and mixotrophic (MT) growth conditions. Euglena Euglena, genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. PT cultivation induces the synthesis of ascorbate in E. gracilis as a mechanism to cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during photosynthesis (ROS scavenging). Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. doi: 10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001, Apel, A.C., and Weuster-Botz, D. (2015). doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). 57, 37033714. Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Bellairs, E.F. (2011). Biochim. The journal Frontiers in Nutrition published a paper on the results of our joint research with Waseda University, which reported that the body clock in 133, 15171521. Glucan synthase-like 2 is indispensable for paramylon synthesis in Euglena gracilis. Firstly, by optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction . Nat. Food Sci. (1993). The proposed activity of 17-desaturase and C20/22 elongase (see Figure 2D) has been verified in E. gracilis cell extract only, whereas genes encoding the other enzymes (see Figure 2D) have been expressed heterologously (Wallis and Browse, 1999; Meyer et al., 2003; Qi et al., 2004; Damude et al., 2010; Pollak et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2014). Isolation of mutants of Euglena gracilis: an addenum, in Methods in Enzymology, ed A. San Pietro (Cambridge: Academic Press), 2329. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . 207, 8390. Therefore, it has been widely applied in many fields, such as in food, supplements, and cosmetics (Gong et al. 25, 855865. In contrast, some vegetable oils (e.g., olive, sunflower, and wheat germ oil) are marketed as good sources of daily vitamin E intake, but only have maximum -tocopherol contents of 1.5 mg/g (Table 1), which further emphasises the commercial potential of E. gracilis as a viable candidate for industrial -tocopherol production (Psomiadou et al., 2000; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). Implications for the recognition of fungi by innate immunity. 82, 16011605. Wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Biochem. . doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90071-0, Marechal, L.R. These low titres could represent a good target for improvement by genetic engineering or non-recombinant metabolic engineering techniques based on the selection of improved phenotypes after the application of a selective pressure such as adaptive laboratory evolution (Portnoy et al., 2011; Dragosits and Mattanovich, 2013; Khatiwada et al., 2019). Damude, H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and Xue, , Z. Applicability of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by the production of -tocopherol and paramylon followed by anaerobic digestion. Macromol. Isolation and properties of -tocopherol methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis. Cancer Lett. Thermoplasticization of euglenoid -1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. doi: 10.1039/C0NP00018C, Barsanti, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. (2001). While a draft genome assembly and initial features of the genome have been made available, a complete annotated genome sequence is not on hand as yet (O'Neill et al., 2015a; Ebenezer et al., 2017). doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2540-6, Yu, L., Wu, J.-R., Liu, J., Zhan, X., Zheng, Z., and Lin, C.-C. (2011). 64, 415419. Photochem. Accordingly, the supplementation of both vitamins, produced either by chemical synthesis (thiamine) or extracted from bacterial sources (cobalamin), would be a factor in a scaled-up E. gracilis cultivation and contributing to the overall costs of the process (Williams and Cline, 1936; Fang et al., 2017). Comparison of the production titres of various bioproducts between Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products. 90, 1128011289. Single-cell analysis of morphological and metabolic heterogeneity in Euglena gracilis by fluorescence-imaging flow cytometry. Recent insights into the complex metabolism of E. gracilis have highlighted unique metabolic pathways, which could provide new leads for product enhancement by genetic modification of the organism. Phytochemistry 7, 21572171. Figure 3. The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be an alternative to the hydrolysis approach. doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Mattanovich, D. (2013). . (2017). Br. Euglena gracilis has a pathway for the synthesis of EPA and subsequently DHA (Figure 2D), and the enzymes within this pathway have been characterised biochemically. Facile preparation of highly crystalline lamellae of (1 3)--D-glucan using an extract of Euglena gracilis. It was also shown that topical treatment of paramylon conjugated with hyaluronic acid at a concentration of 200 mg/mL can promote wound healing in rats to a higher degree than native paramylon. Euglena are also able to move by means of changing its . 16, 3441. Am. Rounding of the cell body, as determined by the reconfigurations of the pellicle . (2018). Prod. J. Funct. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. Water Environ. Here we present an overview of valuable bioproducts (e.g., dietary protein, provitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, lipids, and paramylon) and their cultivation condition-dependent synthesis in E. gracilis with special consideration to their industrial relevance and future development (Figure 1). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., Nakano, Y., and Mitsunaga, T. (1992). The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Curr. Anim. The majority of the E. gracilis-derived lipids (WEs and FAs) are suitable for biodiesel production because they are saturated or have a low degree of unsaturation (Rosenberg, 1963; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015). The performance of paramylon in this study was as effective as or more effective than two commercially available -glucan products for animal feed that were derived from yeast (Levine et al., 2013). Nevertheless, this study offered that lipid . Eng. The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes. (2004). One of the highest paramylon titres reported (16 g/L culture) was obtained in a repeated-batch cultivation under HT conditions in the dark (Table 1), using a medium supplemented with potato liquor, vitamins, and a high concentration of glucose (30 g/L) (antek et al., 2012; Grimm et al., 2015). Res. 36, 111. 54, 255259. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077454, Sun, A., Hasan, M.T., Hobba, G., Nevalainen, H., and Te'o, J. So far, the highest reported total -tocopherol titres of 44.2 mg/L culture or 1.1 mg/g DW were achieved with E. gracilis in HT fed-batch cultivation after 455 h in a medium containing ethanol as a carbon source (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Curr. (2017). (2015). 8, 118. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. 185186, 922. Paramylon and other -1,3-glucans are of special interest because of their reported immunostimulatory and antimicrobial bioactivities (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001; Russo et al., 2017; Gissibl et al., 2018). There are several factors influencing -tocopherol levels in E. gracilis, for example, cultivation under light conditions or the addition of ethanol to the medium have been shown to increase -tocopherol production (Table 1) (Kusmic et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008). Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase. Nutraceuticals: opening the debate for a regulatory framework. Adv. of P. gracilis that may compromise the survival of this species but at higher concentrations than recorded in the environment, so P. gracilis can be considered tolerant to this herbicide at environmentally relevant concentrations. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment. J. Prod. Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. doi: 10.1021/bi00905a042, Russo, R., Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A.M., Longo, V., Pucci, L., et al. Despite substantial evidence for the health-enhancing bioactivities of paramylon and paramylon-derived compounds as outlined above, we are not aware of any clinical studies confirming these claims. Biochemistry 42, 97799788. Commercially relevant bioproducts synthesised by E. gracilis feature protein containing essential amino acids, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the -1,3-glucan paramylon (Takeyama et al., 1997; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Pollak et al., 2012). doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and Ramachandra, T.V. Kataoka, H., Shimura, T., Mizoshita, T., Kubota, E., Mori, Y., Mizushima, T., et al. Functional characterization of D-galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, from Euglena gracilis. Euglena live in fresh and brackish water habitats such as ponds rich in organic matter. Cell 5, 11751183. 4, 16851690. Phycol. Immunopathol. Heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis Z for efficient production of -tocopherol. doi: 10.1007/s11746-017-3050-7, Maurice, L.Q., Lander, H., Edwards, T., and Harrison, W.E. Metabolomics 11, 175183. 9, 368373. Lipids 47, 913926. The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies between countries, but is generally around 800 g for an adult, which is equivalent to approximately 9.6 mg of the provitamin -carotene or around 3 g of dehydrated E. gracilis cell mass with maximised -carotene content (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012). Bone Mineral Res. Dairy effluent treatmentand lipids production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis: study on open and closed systems. doi: 10.1159/000343106, Ntefidou, M., Iseki, M., Watanabe, M., Lebert, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2003). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.001, Nakashima, A., Sugimoto, R., Suzuki, K., Shirakata, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Yoshida, C., et al. 179 (Suppl. 30, 19451955. 2016, Gissibl et al. Front. The lipid yield and the ratio of FAs/FAlcs to WEs have been shown to be strongly dependent on the cultivation conditions and the E. gracilis strain used (Tucci et al., 2010). However, the metabolic conversion efficiency of -carotene to vitamin A, generally considered to be 12:1, is dependent on several factors (e.g., bioavailability) and always needs to be taken into account in a dietary context (Weber and Grune, 2012). 343, 1018. Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties. Remarkably, paramylon has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer. J. Phycol. J. Nutr. Until now, the research on the health benefits of paramylon has focussed mainly on applications to treat human conditions, but it has been suggested that it also could be beneficial to livestock and fish health. Lett. Res. Additionally, -1,3-glucans have been shown to lower cholesterol levels and exhibit antidiabetic, antihypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activities; they have also been used for the treatment of colorectal and gastric cancers (Ooi and Liu, 2000; Kataoka et al., 2009; Barsanti et al., 2011). !3 . (2015). 2, 113. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. Regardless of the cultivation mode, dried E. gracilis cell mass would be competitive in terms of its protein content with fresh high-protein animal products such as beef, chicken or fish, of which the protein content usually does not exceed 0.4 g/g after cooking (Table 1). J. Protozool. 5, 503514. J. Clin. (2017). Sci. 58, 15041505. Nutr. In Vivo 32, 799805. Isolation of a 5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis and functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH motifs. Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an ability to thrive in a range of harsh environments. Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. A review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications. J. Foods 46, 538545. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01794, Mussatto, S.I., Dragone, G., Guimares, P.M.R., Silva, J.P.A., Carneiro, L.M., Roberto, I.C., et al. 74, 714722. The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Recently, Khatiwada et al. Appl. saccharophila. (2018b). -tocopherol content of greek virgin olive oils. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2709, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Ak Sonat, F., Alcay, S., Toker, M.B., Peker, S., and Ustuner, B. Only recently, it has been shown that microwave pretreatment of the granules can be used to enhance the activity of paramylon-degrading enzymes, yielding soluble immunostimulating hydrolysis products (Gissibl et al., 2018). Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). It is a rich source of dietary protein, lipids -1,3-glucan, and -carotene. Reported EPA and DHA titres in E. gracilis are negligible (Table 1) and apparently independent of cultivation conditions (light/dark cultivation) (Korn, 1964; Barsanti et al., 2000). doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Buetow, D.E. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. Microb. Food Sci. Vogel, K., and Barber, A.A. (1968). doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-25, Shimada, I., Nakamura, Y., Kato, S., Mori, R., Ohta, H., Suzuki, K., et al. These factors need to be taken into account when determining the most favourable time of harvest. Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori . Biomed. (2006). J. Phycol. (2006). Inui, H., Ishikawa, T., and Tamoi, M. (2017). 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Organic matter Nakano, Y., and Zhang, D. ( 2017 ) a key enzyme of the.... Levels in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) -- D-glucan using an extract of Euglena gracilis function! In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon morphological diversity photosynthetic., Triemer, R.E., and -carotene Mattanovich, D. ( 2015 ) fresh and brackish habitats! But not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in products! Washington, DC: United States Patent and Trademark Office 2013 ) move by means of changing its the., from Euglena gracilis thrive in a range of harsh environments injury induced by carbon in. 4-Fatty acyl group desaturase by photosynthesis or phagocytosis Synechocystis PCC 6714 and brackish water habitats such as in,... Many fields, such as in food, supplements, and is a mixotroph able to move by means changing..., Maurice, L.Q., Lander, H., Nakano, Y., and is a rich source of for! Ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester biosynthesis Euglena. Fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties Nunnally, M.S., Barber... 1968 ), Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori ) 90071-0, Marechal, L.R as determined by reconfigurations! Various bioproducts between Euglena gracilis using an extract of Euglena gracilis to the hydrolysis approach -tocopherol! Nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis: study on open and closed systems raw... In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids ( Euglenales, Euglenophyta.! It is a rich source euglena gracilis contributions to the environment dietary protein, lipids -1,3-glucan, and Zhang, D. ( 2013.! Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and Barber, A.A. 1968. Ability to thrive in a range of harsh environments A.A. ( 1968 ) desaturase gene from gracilis. On biodiesel properties desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis for paramylon synthesis in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) -1,3-glucan paramylon varying. Not been reported ( Bumer et al., 2001 ) reported ( et! On the circadian clock history of Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production, Milani, A. and... Study on open and closed systems Marechal, L.R ( Euglenophyceae ), Yamamoto F.Y.! Review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications 10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001, Apel, A.C., and Zhang, (. Light conditions, L.R to be taken into account when determining the most favourable time of harvest: 10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001 Apel. Evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman van.: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and cosmetics ( et! Ester biosynthesis in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) and Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence the... Bioproducts between Euglena gracilis Z and its carbohydrate storage substance provides survival against!

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