To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten days' provisions for the command and three days' forage. Sometimes the slaves would volunteer information, and other times the foragers would force it out of them. After seizing Atlanta, Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman embarked on a scorched-earth campaign intended to cripple the South's war-making capacity and wound the Confederate psyche. Sherman's personal escort on the march was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. Together with Shermans Atlanta Campaign, the March to the Sea may have tipped the scales of victory toward the Union. It had some large plantations, but many more small farms growing a variety of products: vegetables, cotton, sweet potatoes and, in marshy areas, rice and sugar cane. Please select which sections you would like to print: Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. He wanted his army to win the war and thus preserve the Union, but he also wanted to curtail the battlefield slaughter. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the "40 acres and a mule" promise. Marszalek, John F. Sherman's March to the Sea. So Sherman proposed to split his Union force, taking 62,000 of his best troops on a destructive march, while Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas used the remainder to contain Hood. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[21]. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my armyburning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war. A Buffalo, N.Y., native and a Ph.D. from Notre Dame, John F. Marszalek taught for nearly 30 years before retiring in 2002. Shermans army reached the sea, took Fort McAllister and re-tied itself to a naval supply line. Not realizing that these Federals had repeating rifles and were dug in, temporary commander Phillips ordered his motley force to attack, and they were ripped to pieces by the Federals. As the marching Federals progressed, they attracted a growing throng of ex-slaves, who greeted them as emancipators. The poem would go on to lend its name to Sherman's campaign, and a version set to music became an instant hit with Sherman's Army and later the public. In these later conflicts, largely through the use of air power, Americans attempted to destroy enemy will and logistics (a doctrine colloquially known as shock and awe in Operation Iraqi Freedom). Sherman himself is remembered through a nearly ubiquitous photograph, with a glare so icy it can chill us even across time. But Sherman prevailed upon his commanding officer, who, in turn, convinced the president. 15, which confiscated as Union property a strip of coastline stretching from Charleston, South Carolina, to the St. John's River in Florida, including Georgia's Sea Islands and the mainland thirty miles in from the coast. Sherman's March To The Sea summary: Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman taking place from November 15, 1864 to December 21, 1864. which followed the successful Atlanta . More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He sought to utilize destructive war to convince Confederate citizens in their deepest psyche both that they could not win the war and that their government could not protect them from Federal forces. On the morning of November 16, Sherman set out for the coast at the head of roughly 62,000 men. VII. Shermans troops arrived in Savannah on December 21, 1864, about three weeks after they left Atlanta. Sherman's March to the Sea With the full support of both Lincoln and Grant, Sherman devised an unusual plan. 40 Charles Royster's The Destructive War looks at the March's increasing violence through the figure of . Two months after capturing Atlanta, Sherman was ready to move out and decided to strip the city of its military infrastructure. [11] The twisted and broken railroad rails that the troops heated over fires, wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as "Sherman's neckties.". This had significant ramifications across their remaining military operations. Several small actions followed. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. The March to the Sea, which occurred over a six week period in November and December of 1864, is considered the most damaging action against civilian people in the Civil War of 1861 to 1865.The objective of Sherman's March to the Sea was to instil fear in the civilian population of Georgia to abandon the cause of the Confederacy. Sherman allowed Hardees army to escape the city, although he could have crushed it. The campaign began on November 15 with Sherman's troops leaving Atlanta, recently taken by Union forces, and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. On January 16, 1865, during the Civil War (1861-65), Union general William T. Sherman issued his Special Field Order No. No doubt many acts of pillage, robbery, and violence were committed by these parties of foragers , Sherman acknowledged, but maintained that their crimes were generally against property, not individuals. Gen. Judson Kilpatricks 5,000 Union horse soldiers cleared it out of the way. To the north of this action, Sherman advanced with the left wing into Milledgeville on November 23. Seeing their terror and desperation, some Federals began throwing logs and anything else they could find toward the drowning people. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war. On November 24 several Union prisoners of war caught up with the left wing, having escaped a Confederate camp at Andersonville. Not only was Shermans army vastly larger and superior to the Confederate military, but he also outmaneuvered the few Confederate forces and kept them uncertain about his destination. V. To army corps commanders alone is intrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. Still, sexual violence, especially in wartime, remains an underreported crime up to the present. 120 had permitted Black labourers to accompany the column, despite being a potential drain on resources and slowing the armys pace. Following Shermans demand to surrender Savannah, the citys Confederate defenders retreated to Confederate-held South Carolina. When Sherman instituted his destructive war, he told Southerners that as long as they continued their resistance, he would make them pay dearly, but that the process would stop when they quit the fight. In the summer of 1864, during the U.S. Civil War (1861-65), Union General William T. Sherman faced off against Confederate . The Union lost 130 men in this assault and the Confederacy 40. [40], There has been disagreement among historians on whether Sherman's March constituted total war. The city was undefended when they got there. He now dispatched the IV and XXIII Corps to Chattanooga, located along the railroad to Nashville. The March to the Sea, the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War (1861-65), began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864. In 2011 a historical marker was erected there by the Georgia Historical Society to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom. The purpose of Shermans March to the Sea was to frighten Georgias civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman then turned his attention back to the pacification of Georgia. "[24] On December 26, the president replied in a letter:[25]. Shermans 37-day campaign is remembered as one of the most successful examples of total war, and its psychological effects persisted in the postbellum South. Soldiers dug up buried food, valuables and keepsakes, seemingly at will. Wheelers Confederate cavalry responded by killing Union prisoners. Sherman pursued the smaller Confederate army west and south until mid-October, when Hood crossed into Alabama. Once the rails became red hot, they were twisted into what came to be known as Shermans neckties or Shermans hairpins. The campaigns chief engineer, Col. Orlando Poe, even devised specialized equipment, called cant hooks, for the task. Sherman remained in Atlanta for a little over a month. [27] As the Army recuperated, Sherman quickly tackled a variety of local problems. Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the Confederate . Their target was the second-largest city in the South: Atlanta, Georgia. Gen. William J. Hardee initially assumed that its goal was to capture Macon. Locals experienced a sense of growing dread as they anticipated the main columns advancing through their property and seizing everything of value. This was an important triumph, because Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy: It had munitions factories, foundries and warehouses that kept the Confederate army supplied with food, weapons and other goods. General Sherman finally gained control of the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864. The general himself was a model of deportment. after earning a reputation at Shiloh and earning key victories in Vicksburg, promoted to . Eighty percent of the remaining soldiers were long-time veterans of campaigns in both the Western theatre, primarily, and the Eastern, a minority. Barns, gardens and farms were overrun. During the march, between 17,000 and 25,000 enslaved Black people were freed. Sherman's next major action was the capture of Columbia, the strategically important capital of South Carolina. Shermans total war in Georgia was brutal and destructive, but it did just what it was supposed to do: it hurt Southern morale, made it impossible for the Confederates to fight at full capacity and likely hastened the end of the war. Sherman's army marched 285 miles (458 km . Omissions? [5], The March to the Sea owes its common name to a poem written by S. H. M. Byers in late 1864. In theyears afterthe Civil War, fighting forces around the world have made use of Shermans total war strategy. 15. The two cavalry units clashed again at nearby Waynesboro on December 4. Confederacy's economy and transportation networks, Western Theater of the American Civil War, "Savannah Campaign Union order of battle", "Effective strength of the army in the field under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, November and December, 1864", "Abstract from return of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Lieut. Reveille came at daybreak and sometimes earlier. Maj. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith's Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom were boys and elderly men. Pleasant J. Phillips, came upon part of Shermans rear guard of some 1,700 men. Foragers, known as "bummers," would provide food seized from local farms for the army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. Confederate political and military leaders Gov. Sherman gave explicit instructions to his troops regarding their conduct while on the march. [6], When Byers was freed by the Union Capture of Columbia, he approached General Sherman and handed him a scrap of paper. Very quickly, these foragers came to be called bummers, and it was they who did the most damage to the countryside and provided the most food for the troops. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After the war, Cox applies those same attributes to his books, Sherman's Battle for Atlanta and Sherman's March to the Sea, two volumes in the landmark series Campaigns of the Civil War. One word still resonates more deeply in the American psyche than any other in the field of Civil War study: Sherman. Slavery. And so, in Atlanta, Sherman instituted tactics later generations of American war leaders would use in World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan. Their fates remain largely unknown. This would prevent the formerly enslaved people from crossing to safety. Shermans March to the Sea spanned some 285 miles (459 km) over 37 days. Wheelers horsemen descended on the Federal column at Sandersonville on November 2526, and on November 28 they sprang an attack on Kilpatricks Union cavalry at Buckhead Creek. Clearly this soldier was practicing the psychological destructive warfare against Georgia that his commander wanted. Sherman received numerous letters from the very Confederate officers he was fighting against, requesting that Sherman ensure the protection of their families. He saw destruction of property as less onerous than casualties. more formally known as the Savannah Campaign, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William T Sherman of the Union Army. The operation debilitated the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. Fowler, John D. and David B. Parker, eds. The name immediately conjures visions of fire and smoke, destruction and desolation; Atlanta in flames, farms laid to waste and railroad tracks mangled beyond recognition. The 360-mile march extended from Atlanta in central . Sherman wanted to keep his movements as secret as possible; he cut telegraph lines to prevent intelligence reports from reaching the enemy (or his superiors in Washington). Many troops who heard of their arrival retaliated by burning civilian barns and slaughtering their livestock. In fact, his true destination was the Georgia capital of Milledgeville. Knowing that Confederate cavalry was nearby, the fugitives, fearful of being captured and killed or re-enslaved, panicked. Confederate leadership was unable to discern the final destination of the two-pronged Union force. The March to the Sea played psychological warfare in which . Having anticipated Confederate designs against Nashville, Sherman had already sent two divisions to the Tennessee capital. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia. Sherman himself estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100million (equivalent to $874million in 2021) in destruction, about one fifth of which "inured to our advantage" while the "remainder is simple waste and destruction". [34], The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. [33] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. Each regiment had one wagon and one ambulance, and each company had one pack mule for the baggage of its officers; the number of tents carried was curtailed. The following is an excerpt from those orders: IV. This freed all his troops for the upcoming movement, rather than relegating a significant number for logistical duty, but this meant that the men would need to live off the land. From Atlanta, Sherman would set out across the Southern heartland toward the Atlantic Ocean, eventually turning north to pin Robert E. Lees army between his troops and those of Grant. Although his formal orders (excerpted below) specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.[10]. When Gen. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered at Durham Station, N.C., in April 1865, Sherman offered a peace plan lenient enough that it caused many in the North to question his loyalty. Sherman moved against Hood on October 5. At the Battle of Buck Head Creek on November 28, Kilpatrick was surprised and nearly captured, but the 5th Ohio Cavalry halted Wheeler's advance, and Wheeler was later stopped decisively by Union barricades at Reynolds's Plantation. The most significant reason for General Sherman's explanation of hard war in the excerpt was that. VI. Meanwhile, his troops could undermine Southern morale by making life so unpleasant for Georgias civilians that they would demand an end to the war. I know that this recent movement of mine through Georgia has had a wonderful effect in this respect. On November 15 th, 1864 Union General William Tecumseh Sherman marched his army of 60,000 troops out of the burning city of Atlanta, Georgia to embark upon a military campaign that stretched 300 miles to Savannah, leaving utter destruction in their wake. Recognizing the significance of endometriosis as an unmet chronic disease for women and designating March 2023 as "Endometriosis Awareness Month". The Union defensive position was strong and Howards men were equipped with repeating rifles. Those prisoners in the state jail willing to take up arms for the Confederacy 175 out of 200 were freed, although some of the newly liberated men burned down the penitentiary rather than report for duty. Look it up now! General Sherman's March to the Sea was historic. But what next? His force faced little resistance. Hardee commanding, November 20, 1864", "The Civil War This Week: Oct 27Nov 2, 1864", "Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle", "Capital Destruction and Economic Growth: The Effects of Sherman's March, 18501920", American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, "Historical markers illustrate overlooked stories", "Savannah Campaign Union order of battle" (, "Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle" (, Today in Georgia History: March to the Sea, Today in Georgia History: Sherman in Savannah, National Park Service battle descriptions for the Savannah Campaign, National Park Service report on preservation and historic boundaries at the Savannah Campaign battlefields, New Georgia Encyclopedia article on the March, Noah Andre Trudeau Webcast Author Lecture, Georgia Public Broadcasting: 37 weeks Sherman on the March, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=1149848697, Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, Nevin, David and the Editors of Time-Life Books (1986). 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