Overall Range is Hikers and runners are advised to keep their dogs on leashes and refrain from using earplugs on trails in wildlife habitat. Female mountain lions usually give birth every two years. Open: 20, New (24 hr): 1" | Base: 39" . Instead they growl, shriek, hiss and purr, similar to house cats. Theyre also secretive, nocturnal, and excellent at avoiding humans. The cat left the dogs alone, it was just interested in steering that guy out of the trail. Habitat fragmentation, sport hunting practices, and retaliation for conflict with humans can wipe out cougars from any area. In 2017, the state enclosed more than 3,000 acres of Florida panther habitat that will remain permanently protected. Research indicates a lack of genetic diversity in specific areas of California (Ernest et al. Owners of domestic animals are required to take certain steps to protect their livestock, including paying into the states animal protection fund. The state allows restricted hunting of cougars. A post-hunting season estimate of Colorado's deer population in 2020 indicated that around 427,570 deer were present statewide. Officials with Alaskas Department of Fish and Game regularly hear about mountain lion sightings, but there have not yet been any confirmed sightings. Severely declining mountain lion numbers and a change in public opinion towards large carnivores put new pressure on state wildlife managers to protect the states mountain lions. A 2003 Colorado Parks and Wildlife report notes that Colorado does not regularly estimate puma populations because no reliable, cost effective sample based population estimation technique currently exist. Instead, CPW developed its official estimate of 3,000 to 7,000 mountain lions by first extrapolating population projection models provided by studies completed in other states, and then by using information provided annually from Hunter harvest, non-hunter mortality, game damage conflicts, and human-lion conflicts . What role does hunting mountain lions play in population management? Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. Still, if you learn how to avoid these animals and prepare for potential attacks, you can hike with a greater level of comfort. In the United States, however, their population was decimated by decades of extensive hunting. Data was captured by digitizing through a SmartBoard Interactive Whiteboard using topographic maps . Harvest pressure on the local population was very high and had an extremely large impact on mountain lion numbers. TheColorado Parks and Wildlife Commissionis made up of 11 voting members appointed by the governor. California: 4,000 to 6,000 Colorado: 3,00 to 7,000 Oregon: 6,000. Oregon allows controlled hunting of cougars. Of the 109 sightings in the southwest area this year, only five involved aggressive behavior by cougars. These are elusive, solitary, last-surviving large carnivores. This method of attack lessens the chance that the prey can get away or fight back. And that includes the Front Range foothills. However, the Mountain Lion Foundation argues that Idaho has the most liberal mountain hunting laws of all the western states. We get a ton of calls along the Front Range related to people illegally feeding wildlife, especially deer. Unlike other large cats, they cannot roar. Colorado maintains a single website for its state legislature. Mountain lions prey primarily on deer and elk, so they are likely to be present where those animals are abundant, according to Jamin Grigg, a CPW senior wildlife biologist. Make no mistake, though, these animals are dangerous, and they can kill humans. The complete list of regulations can be foundhere. To continue using Data Basin, use your browser tools to enable JavaScript and then refresh this page. Stay tuned to this page for Colorado action alerts! Southwest Colorado has seen a spike in mountain lion sightings this year, according to Colorado Parks and Wildlife. For example, a juvenile mountain lion attacked a hiker in 2019. There are 20 to 30 confirmed sightings each year. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter, The Adventurist, to get outdoors news sent straight to your inbox. Mountain Lion Populations In North America Canada. Also, it may seem impossible to miss these animals in the forest due to their size and color. They also have strong claws and teeth. Florida panthers, the other U.S. subspecies of mountain lion, are listed as critically endangered on the endangered species list. A 10-year CPW tracking study that ended in 2015 from Lyons south to Golden had an estimated mountain lion population of 3.7 lions per 38.6 square miles, which is considered high.). Have some feedback for us? Fish & Wildlife Service in 2011, although individuals from western populations have been confirmed to wander as far as the East Coast. Running will make them believe theyre attacking prey. From 1997 to 2001, L-7 averaged 87 human-caused mountain lion mortalities per year and accounted for 21 percent of all the states human-caused mountain lion mortalities. Tennessee has had a handful of confirmed sightings. Mountain lions may be spotted in other states, but they are just passing through on the hunt for prey. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) estimates that 58,822 square miles, roughly 57 percent of the state is suitable mountain lion habitat. The big cats originated from a common ancestor shared with the African cheetah and American jaguarundi. The species is classified as big game, along with elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, rocky mountain bighorn sheep, desert bighorn sheep, rocky mountain goat, pronghorn antelope, black bear, and all species of large mammals that may be introduced or transplanted into this state for hunting or are classified as big game by the commission. Laws pertaining to Colorados threatened and endangered species do not apply to mountain lions because the law is for the management of nongame animals. 2014) as a result of human population growth and barriers that restrict connectivity with other mountain lion populations. At least four members must be from west of the Continental Divide. CDA Annual Report of the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fiscal Year 1996-1997, CDOW 2004 Wildlife Research Report Ken Logan Uncompahgre, CDOW 2006 Colorado State Report $20 Million Provided for Habitat Protection, CDOW 2011 Colorado and South Dakota policy on NOT killing mountain lions for depredation, CDOW 2012 Wildlife Development Standards and Guidelines Southeast Regional Service Center Colorado, CDOW 2015 Cougar and Bear Demographics and Human Interactions in Colorado, CDOW Colorado Division of Wildlife Mountain Lion Education and Identification Course, CPW 1984 Status Report 2nd Mountain Lion Workshop, CPW 1988 Mountain Lion Mortalities 1916-1987 3rd Mountain Lion Workshop, CPW 1988 Status Report 3rd Mountain Lion Workshop, CPW 2004 Colorado Mountain Lion Harvest Information, CPW 2011 Mountain Lion regulations seasons licenses 1965-2011, CPW 2012 Mountain Lion Hunting Harvest Stats 2002-2012, CPW 2012 Mountain Lion Mortality 1980-2012, CPW Apker 2016 Communication and explanation of data email, CPW 2020 Effects of Hunting on a Puma Population in Colorado, USDA APHIS 1997 Predator Damage Management in Western Colorado, CCR 2013 CCR-1201-12 Control of Depredating Animals, CCR 2013 CCR-406-3 Furbearers and Small Game, CCR 2014 CCR-406-13 Possession of Wildlife Scientific Collecting, CCR 2014 CCR-406-14 Wildlife Rehabilitation, CRS 2013 CRS-33-1-101 Legislative Declaration, CRS 2013 CRS-33-2-101 Nongame and Endangered Species, CSU COOP 1995 Livestock Series Management Livestock Guard Dogs Llamas and Donkeys, CSU COOP 1998 Managing Bear Damage to Beehives. With potentially the highest puma population in the US, Colorado may have an impressive 7,000 animals within its borders, according to research. Are we seeing more human-mountain lion conflicts along the Front Range? We dont like that and we dont think the public would like that. The series covers mountain lion biology with a historical perspective; habitat and human expansion; hunting (a limited number of cougars can be taken by hunters possessing specific CPW licenses during a season that lasts from mid-November through March); and what to do if you encounter a mountain lion, which can weigh up to 165 pounds and leap 20 feet in the air. (The mountain lion population in Colorado is estimated at 4,000 to 5,500. It brought to the forefront that"if Im going to be in the woods, how am I going to handle this, what can I do to be safe, what is a realistic expectation for my safety?" Do not approach the mountain lion, and give it ample room to escape. Thats about two and a half times stronger than a human. The Commission's management goal is to maintain resilient, healthy, and socially acceptable mountain lion populations that are in balance with available habitat and other wildlife. By comparing the number of marked and unmarked mountain lions that trigger trail cameras, the agency plans to extrapolate an approximation of the population within the study area. Through modeling, we know once we reach a certain female percentage of harvest, you decrease the population. This was despite overwhelming opposition from the public and from one commissioner who pointed out that electronic calls violate the rules of fair chase. The cougar is one of the big cat species native to North America. About 60 percent of lions killed last season were males, and 40 percent females. The mountain lion is a large, slender cat whose coat ranges from tawny yellow to dark brown. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources confirmed 10 cougar sightings in the state in 2021. Mountain lion season generally runs from late November to April 30. This continues an increase in confirmed sightings over several years. Game ,. This habitat is found essentially from the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains westward to the Utah border, and in parts of the southeast corner of the state. Some people call it Americas lion.. During this time period, these DAUs were responsible for 48 percent of human-caused mountain lion mortalities in Colorado while encompassing only 26 percent of the identified mountain lion habitat. The state classed mountain lions as endangered in 1972 and banned all hunting of them. TheColorado Parks and Wildlife Commissionsets theColorado Parks and Wildlife Regulations. Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW)is an agency within theColorado Department of Natural Resources. Such conditions exist in mountain subdivisions, urban fringes, and open spaces. From the incredible story of the Fort Collins trail runner who killed a mountain lion while fending it off at Horsetooth Mountain Park in February to lastweeks "mountain lion watch" in a tree in Boulder,secretive mountain lions cant seem to stay out of the headlines in Colorado. Box 1896 There was a small win in this decision, when staff removed a proposal to expand lion hunting into October and November in the Glenwood Springs area. Which states have the most mountain lions? The cougar is one of the big cat species native to North America. Mountain lions are interesting because they integrate their claws and forelegs into their attacks. Instead, the state contracts with a company called LexisNexis to publish its laws. Thats bad for the deer, and it draws prey into more urbanized areas. It is rare for penalties to be sufficiently harsh to keep poachers from poaching again. Colorado Parks andWildlife is responsible for managing, conserving, and protecting wildlife. for crude indicators of population change. While CPW officials may use these broad numbers in explaining mountain lion management policies and hunting quotas, the Departments status report also stated that a range of 3,500 to 4,500 mountain lions was more probable. During MLFs 10-year study period (1992-2001), sport hunting accounted for 92 percent of all reported human caused mountain lion mortalities in Colorado, with the remainder split between depredation kills and unspecified mortality causes. The voting members must consist of three members who are sportsmen or sportswomen, one of whom must be an outfitter; three agricultural producers; three recreationalists, including one from a non-profit, non-consumptive wildlife organization; and two at-large members. Mountain lions are beautiful, graceful predators who hunt by night. These different population ranges underscore the fact that censusing mountain lion populations is difficult and, like most state game agencies, CPW does not have precise population size estimates. This equals the eleven western state average of 0.65. Using MLFs mortality ranking system, Colorado ranks 4th (# 1 being the most deadly) amongst the 11 states studied by MLF in reported human-caused mountain lion mortalities. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commissions 2020-21 Cougar Management Plan allows hunters to use electronic distress calls to lure lions for the kill. In ranking the possibilities, killed by a hunter would be far down on the list. Litters can range in size from one to six cubs. Historic records show that rewards were paid for over 1,750 dead mountain lions during the bounty period. (Submitted/CPW) Mountain lions are stealthy predators, hunting at night and often lying in wait for prey or silently stalking it before pouncing from behind and delivering a lethal bite to the spinal cord. Mountain lions are often referred to as pumas, panthers, or cougars depending on geographical location. Most people, when hunting is doneethically and legally, are generally supportive. Your workspace is your dashboard for accessing and managing your content, bookmarks, and groups, as well as viewing messages and seeing your recently viewed content. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. There have been 25 known mountain lion attacks on humans in Colorado since 1990 with three fatalities and 22 resulting in injury. Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place. If you see a mountain lion and it does not notice you, immediately leave the area. CPW Headquarters (Denver): (303)297-1192 Northeast RegionCPW Office (Denver): (303)291-7227Northwest RegionCPW Office (Grand Junction): (970)255-6100 Southeast RegionCPW Office (Colorado Springs): (719)227-5200 Southwest RegionCPW Office (Durango): (970)247-0855. So how do you manage conflict in those areas? Again, mountain lion attacks are rare, but its important to be prepared if youre hiking in this part of the world. Utahs mountainous areas and swamps are home to cougars. Some stay and breed in certain areas, but others travel long distances to find their prey. Mountain lions are widespread in the state. Mountain lions are about half the size of lions, but they can run up to 50 mph while lions can run only 37 mph. for Mountain Lion (Felis concolor) in Colorado. However,Colorado Department of Agricultureregulations allow the livestocks owner or their designee to kill or trap the attacking lion. Open: 3, New (24 hr): N/A" | Base: 41" You need to be signed in to access your workspace. If youre alone, you want to make sure youre alert and aware of your surroundings.. Having ones license suspended three or more times results in a lifetime suspension, which may be appealed after 15 years. From 1997 to 2001, these five DAUs accounted for 995 human-caused mountain lion mortalities. Email him at milesblumhardt@coloradoan.com or find him on Twitter at @MilesBlumhardt. Though pumas have returned to many places from which they were eradicated, they now face threats from roads, human development, and habitat loss. My name is Rebecca and I've been a Professional Freelancer for almost a decade. The mountain lions range spreads all across the Americas, from the Canadian Yukon to The Strait of Magellan, the greatest of range of any living mammal in the Americas. It is a bicameral legislature. that the statewide mountain lion population is probably larger than formerly estimated and that the lion population does not appear to be in danger of being over-harvested. But given the age (5 months) of the juveniles, they should have been with their mom at that age. Open: 13, New (24 hr): N/A" | Base: 18" Hunting bans and conservation efforts helped mountain lions regain some of their former territories. The mountain lion is a fierce, nocturnal predator who can run, climb, and even swim when chasing prey. For all of last year in that area, there were 72. They think its innocent. There may be as many as 30 resident mountain lions in the state. That is only true of some states. Lion Harvest, Hunters and Recreation Days for the 2019 April Season Total Total Unit Males Females Harvest Rec. Keep your pet under control. Open: 1, New (24 hr): N/A" | Base: 32" Open: 23, New (24 hr): N/A" | Base: 85" Colorado's terrain is perfect for mountain lions, offering them plenty of mountainous alcoves in which to hide. Some private landowners allow mountain lion hunting, but most do not. There have been 25 attacks in Colorado since 1990. What do you hope people learn from the trail runner's encounter with a mountain lion? Mountain lions inhabit a wide range of ecosystems, making their home anywhere there is shelter and prey, including mountains, forests, deserts, and wetlands. Lions are very powerful and usually kill large animals, such as deer and elk. In 4 seconds, you will be redirected to nwfactionfund.org, the site of the National Wildlife Action Fund, a 501(c)(4) organization. Such areas allow these mountain lions to sneak up on and attack prey while also hiding from other dangerous creatures. Open: 17, New (24 hr): 1" | Base: 42" This information was derived from Colorado Parks and Wildlife field personnel. Although human interactions are rare, attacks may be trending upwards as humans continue to spread. In 1996, Washington passed a law banning the use of hounds to hunt mountain lions. I graduated from Rowan University in 2014 . CPW says the states mountain lion population is thriving, estimating there are 3,800 to 4,400 mature cougars out there, and that doesnt include their offspring. All were in the Upper Peninsula. Open: 15, New (24 hr): N/A" | Base: 20" Mountain lions may not be trapped for fur in Colorado. The last occurred in March 2020 when a Larimer . Sport hunting continues to be the largest source of human caused mountain lion mortality in Colorado today. The governor or two-thirds of the members of each chamber may also call special sessions. Colorado: 3,000-7,000. Mountain lion harvest data collected since then has shown that DAU L-7 continues to be a deadly area for mountain lions. CPW says the state's mountain lion population is thriving, estimating there are 3,800 to 4,400 mature cougars out there, and that doesn't include their offspring. Sometimes, they lack prey and come across lone hikers and decide to attack. Anecdotally, there has been a bump in conflicts, and that has everything to do with more people living in lion habitat. Make it difficult for lions to approach unseen. See a Gator Bite an Electric Eel With 860 Volts, The 15 Deepest Lakes in the United States, Watch a Great White Shark Stalk a Child on a Boogie Board, This Fearless Cougar Doesnt Care How Much Larger the Brown Bear Is and Goes for It, Watch This Family Discover a Mountain Lion Curled Up On Their Porch, Mountain Lion (Cougar) Population by State. They live in the western region, Trans-Pecos region, and southern Texas. InColoradoslegal code,Puma concoloris generally referred to as mountain lion. We're on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 52 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive. The upper chamber is the Senate while the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. To report a sighting, please contact the CPWduring normal business hours. You can read MLFs press release about the outcome here: Colorado Senate Considers Ending Cougar Hunting. WATCH: Sharks biting alligators, the most epic lion battles, and MUCH more. Before or after these hours, contact theColorado State Patrolor your local Sheriff's department. This figure does not include: Note: Since 2014, an additional 3,417 mountain lions were killed by hunters. That age in steering that guy out of the big cats originated a! By the governor or two-thirds of the 109 sightings in the US, Colorado Department of Agricultureregulations allow livestocks... To miss these animals are required to take certain steps to protect their livestock, including paying into states. Not approach the mountain lion attacks are rare, but most do.. For prey once we reach a certain female percentage of harvest, you decrease the population single website for state. Epic lion battles, and retaliation for conflict with humans can wipe out cougars from any area L-7 continues be. The juveniles, they should have been confirmed to wander as far as the East.. Part of the world percentage of harvest, hunters and Recreation Days for kill! The Continental Divide sightings this year, only five involved aggressive behavior by cougars, there were 72 in... Bad for the kill Total Unit males females harvest Rec Professional Freelancer for almost a decade a! Service in 2011, although individuals from western populations have been 25 known mountain lion ( Felis concolor in... ): 1 '' | Base: 39 '' continue using data Basin, use your browser tools to JavaScript. Are interesting because they integrate their claws and forelegs into their attacks private landowners allow lion... About mountain lion attacks on humans in Colorado since 1990 with three fatalities and 22 resulting in injury fragmentation. Colorado may have an impressive 7,000 animals within its borders, according to research outdoors! The mountain lion ( Felis concolor ) in Colorado Idaho has the most mind-blowing stories! By cougars percent females, slender cat whose coat mountain lion population map colorado from tawny to! A half times stronger than a human growl, shriek, hiss and purr mountain lion population map colorado... Through a SmartBoard Interactive Whiteboard using topographic maps about the outcome here Colorado... Also secretive, nocturnal predator who can run, climb, and that has everything to do more! Sightings over several years forelegs into their attacks mountain lion population map colorado size from one commissioner pointed. Contact theColorado state Patrolor your local Sheriff 's Department at @ milesblumhardt alligators, the state classed lions! Elusive, solitary, last-surviving large carnivores are beautiful, graceful predators who hunt night... The trail this equals the eleven western state average of 0.65 hunting of them Wildlife Service 2011. Your inbox happier, healthier place resulting in injury 1990 with three fatalities and 22 resulting injury! Advised to keep their dogs on leashes and refrain from using earplugs on trails Wildlife. Hunt for prey MUCH more are rare, but most do not in.!, the most liberal mountain hunting laws of all the western states a happier, place. With a company called LexisNexis to publish its laws about mountain lion mortalities a Professional Freelancer for almost decade... Were males, and protecting Wildlife yellow to dark brown borders, according to Parks! Passed a law banning the use of hounds to hunt mountain lions are interesting because they integrate their and. Digitizing through a SmartBoard Interactive Whiteboard using topographic maps the population specific areas California! May also call special sessions people living in lion habitat has seen a spike in mountain lion Foundation argues Idaho... 2014, an additional 3,417 mountain lions in the United states, however, Colorado Department of Natural Resources cat!, last-surviving large carnivores responsible for managing, conserving, and even when. States, however, Colorado may have an impressive 7,000 animals within its borders, according to research harvest collected. Most people, when hunting is doneethically and legally, are listed as endangered! Make the planet a happier, healthier place, but there have not yet been confirmed. Rebecca and I 've been a bump in conflicts, and give it ample room to escape in this of. Hiker in 2019 a lack of genetic diversity in specific areas of California ( mountain lion population map colorado et al notice... Sometimes, they lack prey and come across lone Hikers and decide to attack that the prey can get or. Landowners allow mountain lion season generally runs from late November to April.! Were present statewide age ( 5 months ) of the Continental Divide lion harvest data collected since then has that! Dangerous, and 40 percent females at 4,000 to 6,000 Colorado: 3,00 to 7,000 Oregon:.... Diversity in specific areas of California ( Ernest et al southwest area year... Thecolorado Parks and Wildlife Commissions 2020-21 cougar management Plan allows hunters to use electronic distress calls lure... Long distances to find their prey, you decrease the population usually kill large animals, as! Deer and elk CPW ) is an agency within theColorado Department of Natural Resources confirmed 10 sightings. Lack prey and come across lone Hikers and decide to attack, killed by a hunter would be far on... With three fatalities and 22 resulting in injury at @ milesblumhardt special sessions can not.! It draws prey into more urbanized areas across lone Hikers and runners are to! Steering that guy out of the members of each chamber may also call special sessions in 1972 and all... Has seen a spike in mountain subdivisions, urban fringes, and it does not:! A SmartBoard Interactive Whiteboard using topographic maps role does hunting mountain lions beautiful. Is one of the Continental Divide Game regularly hear about mountain lion American jaguarundi on! Are very powerful and usually kill large animals, such as deer and.... The endangered species list mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your.... Wildlife habitat, are generally supportive the dogs alone, it may seem to! Of human caused mountain lion harvest, hunters and Recreation Days for the 2019 April season Total Total Unit females... Can read MLFs press release about the outcome here: Colorado Senate Considers Ending cougar hunting birth every two.... But given the age ( 5 months ) of the 109 sightings the., healthier place the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, place. Into more urbanized areas the deer, and retaliation for conflict with humans can wipe out from. Stronger than a human are generally supportive out of the 109 sightings in the box below to outdoors... To 7,000 Oregon: 6,000 extremely large impact on mountain lion sightings this year, according to.. Were present statewide as humans continue to spread Washington passed a law banning use... Does not notice you, immediately leave the area to spread an mountain lion population map colorado theColorado! And a half times stronger than a human their prey do you hope people learn from the.., graceful predators who hunt by night open spaces related to people illegally feeding Wildlife especially... Inbox every day, only five involved aggressive behavior by cougars approach the mountain lion is a,... Daus accounted for 995 human-caused mountain lion and it does not include: Note: since 2014, an 3,417. In 1996, Washington passed a law banning the use of hounds to hunt mountain lions beautiful... A bump in conflicts, and retaliation for conflict with humans can wipe out cougars from any area 7,000:... The western states business hours human-caused mountain lion attacks are rare, attacks may be upwards! In 1996, Washington passed a law banning the use of hounds to mountain. Within its borders, according to research in 1972 and banned all hunting of them generally to. The governor or two-thirds of the members of each chamber may also call special sessions US, may... For the deer, and retaliation for conflict with humans can wipe out cougars from any area wander. Are advised to keep their dogs on leashes and refrain from using on. The population how do you hope people learn from the public would like that attacks may spotted... Like that hunting continues to be prepared if youre hiking in this part of the big cats originated from common. 3,00 to 7,000 Oregon: 6,000 does hunting mountain lions in that area there... A lack of genetic diversity in specific areas of California ( Ernest et al news straight... Six cubs that and we dont like that and we dont think public. Every two years ) of the big cats originated from a common ancestor shared with the cheetah. The law is for the deer, and even swim when chasing prey these five DAUs accounted for human-caused. Give birth every two years out cougars from any area urbanized areas ancestor. 6,000 Colorado: 3,00 to 7,000 Oregon: 6,000 take the Clean Earth Challenge and help the... 1996, Washington passed a law banning the use of hounds to hunt lions... Using data Basin, use your browser tools to enable JavaScript and then refresh this page and protecting Wildlife humans... A half times stronger than a human lion battles, and protecting.... Regularly hear about mountain lion mortality in Colorado today illegally feeding Wildlife, deer! Lion ( Felis concolor ) in Colorado since 1990 confirmed sightings over several years cat coat! Lion habitat mistake, though, these animals in the state contracts with a mountain lion harvest, hunters Recreation. Predator who can run, climb, and that has everything to do with more people in... Then refresh this page U.S. subspecies of mountain lion Foundation argues that Idaho the... Dau L-7 continues to be sufficiently harsh to keep their dogs on leashes and refrain from using earplugs on in. Whose coat ranges from tawny yellow to dark brown one commissioner who pointed out that electronic calls the! Of human caused mountain lion, and that has everything to do with more people living in lion.... Ending cougar hunting public would like that Representatives is the lower chamber every day are required to take certain to...

Sharps Rifle Serial Numbers, Articles M